?????? ???? ???????? (??.) ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ‘?????? ???’ (Charter of Madina) ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????

?? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????, ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????

???? ????????? ???????

?????? (??.) ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???—???????, ????, ???? ? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ‘The strong and the weak, the big and the small are equal in the eye of law.’ ?? ??? ?????? (??.)-?? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????

??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???????????? ????? (??.)-?? ???????????????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ????? ???????, ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????—

?. ????? ? ????

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?. ??????? ?????????

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?????? (??.) ????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????, The founder of islam is in fact the promoter to the first social and international revolution of which history gives mention. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????

?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???—

?. ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? : ?????? ???????? ???? ??????, ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????

?. ??????? ???????? : ? ????????  ?? ????????? ???????? (??.)-?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????, ???? ????????? ?????, ????????? ????, ???, ?????, ?????? ??????, ??????, ???????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????, ‘????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????????’ (John L. Esposito, ‘Islam : The Straight Path’)

?. ?????? ?????? ??????? : ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????, ?? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????; ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????????

??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? (BERNARDLEWIS, Race and Slavery in the Middle East )

?. ???? ?????? : ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ?????-?????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??, ?????? ????? (?????? ???) ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????, ?????, ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ????? (Majid  Khadduri, ‘Marriage in Islamic Law : The Modernist Viewpoints’)

?. ????? ? ??????????? :  ?????????? ????? ???????, ‘??????? ?????-?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????; ???? ????? ???????, ???? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????’ (Annemarie Schimmel, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin)

?. ????????????? ???????? : ???????????? ?????? ??. ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ????? ???????? ‘??????????????? ?????? ... ???? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????, ?????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????’ ???? ???, ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????

?. ????? ???????? :  ?????? ???, ?????-?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????—

?. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????

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??????? (??.)-?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????-??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (Lawrence Calsy, Encyclopedia of ethics )

?. ????????? ???????? : ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????, “?????? ??????? ‘??????????? ????????’?? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????—???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ??????, ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????” 

?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????, ????-????,  ??????-?????, ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????????-??????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ????-????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???, ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???, ????-????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? (Michael Bonner, ‘Poverty and Economics in the Quran’)

?. ?????? ???????? : ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (????—????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????) ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? (??.) ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????  ????? ????? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? (Nadvi (2000), pg. 405-6)

?. ???????? ???????? : ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????-??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (John L.  ‘Islam : The Straight Path’)

??. ??????? ????????? : ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ???????? (??.) ???? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ‘???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????, ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????’ (W. Montgomery Watt, ‘Muhammad : Prophet and Statesman’)

????? ????? (??.) ???????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ? ??????? ??????, ‘If all the world was united one leader, then Muhammad (sm) would have been the best fitted man to lead the peoples of various creeds, dogmas and ideas to peace and happiness.’ (The Genuine Islam Vol. 1, pg. 8)